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A do-while loop in Java is a post-test control flow statement that guarantees the execution of a code block at least once before evaluating a boolean condition to determine subsequent iterations. Because the condition is evaluated at the end of the loop’s execution path, the loop body is executed prior to any conditional checks. Syntax 
do {
    // Statements to execute
} while (booleanExpression);
Execution Mechanics
  1. Execution: The JVM executes the statements enclosed within the do block sequentially.
  2. Evaluation: The booleanExpression is evaluated. This expression must resolve to a boolean primitive (true or false).
  3. Branching:
    • If true, the execution pointer jumps back to the start of the do block.
    • If false, the loop terminates, and the JVM proceeds to the next statement following the loop structure.
Key Technical Characteristics
  • Post-Test Evaluation: The defining trait of the do-while loop. The condition is checked after the block executes, contrasting with the pre-test while and for loops where the condition is checked prior to execution.
  • Mandatory Semicolon: The syntax strictly requires a semicolon (;) immediately following the while (booleanExpression) statement. Omitting this results in a compilation error (error: ';' expected).
  • Variable Scope: Variables declared inside the do block are block-scoped and cannot be accessed within the while condition. Loop control variables evaluated in the condition must be declared in a scope prior to the do block.
Code Example 
int iterationCount = 0;

do {
    System.out.println("Current count: " + iterationCount);
    iterationCount++; // Update statement to mutate the control variable
} while (iterationCount < 3);
Infinite Loop Behavior If the booleanExpression evaluates to true perpetually (e.g., using a boolean literal or failing to mutate the control variable within the loop body), the JVM will execute the block indefinitely, resulting in an infinite loop. 
do {
    // Statements execute infinitely
} while (true);
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