Base Mixin Class

Documentation Index

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Syntax

base mixin class Name {
  // State and behavior
}

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Core Mechanics and Restrictions

1. Inheritance Restrictions (mixin class): A mixin class cannot have an extends clause or a with clause. It must directly extend Object. It is structurally forbidden from inheriting from other classes or mixing in other mixins.
2. Instantiation and Constructors (class / mixin class): It can be instantiated directly, provided it is not marked abstract. However, because it acts as a mixin class, it cannot declare any constructors whatsoever. This prohibition applies to both generative constructors (including an explicit empty default constructor like Name();) and factory constructors. It must rely entirely on the implicit default constructor.
3. Extension (base / class): It can be extended using the extends keyword from any library.
4. Mixing (mixin): It can be mixed into other classes using the with keyword from any library. It cannot declare an on clause because it is declared as a class.
5. Implementation Restriction (base): It cannot be implemented using the implements keyword outside of the library in which it is defined.
6. Subtype Enforcement (base): The modifier propagation (or subtype restriction) rule applies to all subtypes. Any declaration that becomes a subtype—whether by extending (extends), mixing in (with), implementing (implements, which is only allowed in the defining library), or using it as a mixin constraint (on)—must explicitly declare a modifier that preserves the base restriction. Subtype classes must be marked base, final, or sealed, and subtype mixins must be marked base.

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Structural Rules Visualization

class SuperClass {}
mixin SomeMixin {}

// ERROR: A mixin class cannot have an `extends` clause.
// base mixin class InvalidExtendedSystem extends SuperClass {}

// ERROR: A mixin class cannot have a `with` clause.
// base mixin class InvalidMixedSystem with SomeMixin {}

// VALID: Directly extends Object (implicitly) and has no constructors.
base mixin class CoreSystem {
  String version = '1.0.0';
  
  // ERROR: Cannot declare ANY constructors (generative or factory) in a mixin class.
  // CoreSystem();
  // factory CoreSystem.create() => CoreSystem();

  void initialize() => print('System initialized');
}

// ALLOWED: Implementing within the same library is permitted.
// MUST be marked base, final, or sealed to satisfy modifier propagation.
base class LocalMock implements CoreSystem {
  @override
  String version = 'Mock-1.0.0';
  @override
  void initialize() => print('Mock initialized');
}

// ALLOWED: Using as an `on` constraint within the same library.
// MUST be marked base to satisfy modifier propagation.
base mixin SystemExtension on CoreSystem {
  void extendedAction() => print('Action on $version');
}

import 'library_a.dart';

// ALLOWED: Instantiation (relies entirely on the implicit default constructor)
final system = CoreSystem();

// ALLOWED: Extending (Must be marked base, final, or sealed)
final class ExtendedSystem extends CoreSystem {
  void customMethod() {}
}

// ALLOWED: Mixing in (Must be marked base, final, or sealed)
base class MixedSystem with CoreSystem {
  void customMethod() {}
}

// ERROR: Cannot implement a base class outside its defining library.
// class IllegalSystem implements CoreSystem { ... }

// ERROR: All subtypes must be base, final, or sealed.
// class InvalidExtendedSystem extends CoreSystem { ... }

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Modifier Compatibility

• abstract: A base mixin class can be prefixed with abstract (abstract base mixin class). This removes the ability to instantiate it directly while retaining the extension, mixing, and base implementation rules.
• Mutually Exclusive Modifiers: It cannot be combined with interface, final, or sealed, as Dart enforces a single access-control modifier per class declaration.