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The *= operator is an augmented assignment operator that performs in-place multiplication or sequence repetition. It evaluates the product of the left and right operands and binds the resulting value back to the left operand’s identifier.

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Syntax

x *= y
While logically equivalent to x = x * y, the *= operator evaluates the left operand only once and handles memory allocation differently depending on the mutability of the left operand.

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Underlying Mechanics

When the Python interpreter encounters x *= y, it determines the execution path based on the data type of x:
  1. __imul__(self, other): Python first checks if the left operand implements the “in-place multiply” magic method. If it does (which is typical for mutable objects), the object modifies its own data in memory and returns self. The variable x remains bound to the exact same memory address.
  2. __mul__(self, other): If __imul__ is not implemented (which is strictly true for immutable objects), Python falls back to the standard multiplication method. It evaluates x * y, allocates a completely new object in memory for the result, and rebinds the identifier x to this new object.

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Behavior by Type

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Immutable Types (Integers, Floats, Strings, Tuples)

Because these types cannot be changed after creation, *= acts as syntactic sugar for x = x * y. A new object is created, and the reference is updated. 

# Numeric arithmetic
x = 10
x_id_before = id(x)
x *= 2  # x becomes 20
x_id_after = id(x)

# x_id_before != x_id_after (Reference rebound to new integer object)


# String repetition
s = "A"
s *= 3  # s becomes "AAA"

# Reference rebound to new string object

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Mutable Types (Lists, Bytearrays)

For mutable sequences, *= performs in-place repetition. The existing object is extended with copies of its own contents, preserving the original memory address and affecting any other variables referencing that same object. 

# List repetition
lst = [1, 2]
lst_id_before = id(lst)

lst *= 3  # lst becomes [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
lst_id_after = id(lst)


# lst_id_before == lst_id_after (Modified in-place via __imul__)

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Type Restrictions

The right operand must be an integer when the left operand is a sequence type (string, list, tuple). Attempting to use *= with a sequence and a float will raise a TypeError. For numeric types, standard implicit type coercion applies (e.g., an int multiplied by a float using *= will rebind the variable to a new float object).
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