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The bool type in Python is a built-in data type representing one of two possible truth values: True or False. It is a direct subclass of the integer class (int), meaning boolean values behave as integers in numeric contexts, where True evaluates to 1 and False evaluates to 0. Because True and False are implemented as singletons in Python, they have fixed memory addresses throughout the lifecycle of a program. 

# Literal assignment
is_active = True
is_deleted = False


# Type inspection
type(True)             # <class 'bool'>
issubclass(bool, int)  # True
isinstance(True, int)  # True


# Numeric context behavior
True + True            # 2
False * 50             # 0
True == 1              # True

​
Truth Value Testing

Any object in Python can be evaluated in a boolean context (such as an if or while condition) or converted explicitly using the bool() constructor. Under the hood, the bool() constructor calls the object’s __bool__() dunder method. If __bool__() is not defined, Python falls back to the __len__() method. If neither is defined, the object evaluates to True by default. An object evaluates to False (often referred to as “falsy”) if it is:
  1. A constant defined to be false: None or False.
  2. A zero of any numeric type: 0, 0.0, 0j, Decimal(0), Fraction(0, 1).
  3. An empty sequence or collection: '' (empty string), (), [], {}, set(), range(0).

# Explicit conversion using the bool() constructor
bool(0)          # False
bool("Python")   # True
bool([])         # False
bool([1, 2, 3])  # True


# Custom class boolean evaluation
class CustomObject:
    def __len__(self):
        return 0

bool(CustomObject())  # False

​
Logical Operators

Python provides three logical operators to perform boolean arithmetic: not, and, and or. Unlike the not operator, which strictly returns a bool object, the and and or operators utilize short-circuit evaluation and return the actual object evaluated, which may not be of type bool.
  • not x: Returns True if x is falsy; returns False if x is truthy.
  • x and y: Evaluates x. If x is falsy, it returns x (short-circuiting). Otherwise, it evaluates and returns y.
  • x or y: Evaluates x. If x is truthy, it returns x (short-circuiting). Otherwise, it evaluates and returns y.

# 'not' always returns a boolean
not "Hello"    # False
not ""         # True


# 'and' returns the first falsy value, or the last truthy value
"A" and "B"    # "B" (Evaluates both, returns last)
"" and "B"     # ""  (Short-circuits at first falsy value)


# 'or' returns the first truthy value, or the last falsy value
"A" or "B"     # "A" (Short-circuits at first truthy value)
"" or "B"      # "B" (Evaluates both, returns last)

​
Bitwise Operators on Booleans

Because bool is a subclass of int, bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~) can be applied to boolean values. The bitwise AND (&), OR (|), and XOR (^) operators return a bool type when both operands are booleans, evaluating both operands and bypassing the short-circuiting behavior of and and or. However, the bitwise NOT operator (~) returns an int because it operates directly on the underlying integer representation of the boolean (1 for True, 0 for False). 
True & False  # False (Bitwise AND, returns bool)
True | False  # True  (Bitwise OR, returns bool)
True ^ True   # False (Bitwise XOR, returns bool)
~True         # -2    (Bitwise NOT, returns int, equivalent to ~1)
~False        # -1    (Bitwise NOT, returns int, equivalent to ~0)
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